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Category: Expertise

Tweet: Most improvements in learning motor task comes during the breaks between practice sessions

A study published recently in Current Biology has found that most of the improvement while learning a motor task comes not while actually practicing, but instead during the breaks between practice sessions. https://t.co/yO66fv0IIV
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) May 23, 2019

Research has shown that taking breaks is an important part of learning.
A new study suggests that even small breaks which amount to seconds are also vital for learning new skills.

A study published recently titled “A Rapid Form of Offline Consolidation in Skill Learning” has found that most of the improvement while learning a motor task comes not while actually practicing, but instead during the breaks between practice sessions.

RELATED STUDY >>
Also watch the presentation of “Press Pause when you Play: Comparing Spaced Practice Intervals for Skill Development in Games”. This study provides new information that can aid in the design of practice schedules for perceptual-motor tasks in games. It looked at the optimum amount of time breaks (rest) for learning in video game environment.

2 RELATED STUDIES >>>
Brief Wakeful Resting Boosts New Memories Over the Long Term
Relearn Faster and Retain Longer: Along With Practice

May 23, 2019
Tweet: Requisites for acquisition of skills

“Acquisition of skills requires a regular environment, an adequate opportunity to practice, and rapid and unequivocal feedback about the correctness of thoughts and actions.” Daniel Kahneman https://t.co/MDqHoIctOu
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) November 24, 2018
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November 25, 2018
Tweet: Success = Quality + Network

This study is really applicable in #Entrepreneurship and #Entrepreneurial #Learning which fits the definition of : "Human activity where #performance is difficult to be quantified objectively," https://t.co/e1wCG8NBXa
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) November 17, 2018
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November 18, 2018
Tweet: Cognitive Diversity (updated)
Most imp is the idea of Cognitive Diversity: differences in perspective or information processing styles.(Along with Diversities like Skill, Experience, Geographical, Socio-cultural)
As @Scott_E_Page writes “diverse teams make better mousetraps.”
“creates synergies”. https://t.co/1gUmLc2ILh
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) November 17, 2018
- Related Read Philip Tetlock .
- Education and cognitive diversity: Assisting model for teaching about mental preferences.
- The Impact of Cognitive Style Diversity on Implicit Learning in Teams.
- Cognitive Diversity and the Design of Classroom Tests for All Learners.
- https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+diversity+
November 17, 2018
Tweet: How domain experts react to technology ?
A great read by @effortfuleduktr on the massively shared and quoted study predicting the future of skills.

Features I see : Use of causal logic in complex domains were variables are unknown, + Predicting the disappearance of fundamental skills or brain faculties. https://t.co/7nZJRfEDsi
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) November 4, 2018

The above article analyzes the job skill outlook report by World Economic Forum named “The Future of Jobs Report 2018” .
My tweet include two things.
- The prediction done by experts.
- The reaction by another expert.
The predictions done by various experts and the reaction from domain experts are both problematic because of the complex nature of modern problems.
Philip Tetlock, of the University of Pennsylvania, did a study on the accuracy of forecasts going back 25 years.

He collected 82,000 forecasts against real-world outcomes from nearly 300 academics, economists, policymakers and journalists.

In his seminal 2006 book Expert Political Judgment he presented crucial findings of this study.

Tetlock asked a group of pundits and foreign affairs experts to predict geopolitical events, like whether the Soviet Union would disintegrate by 1993.

Overall, the “experts” struggled to perform better than “dart-throwing chimps”, and were consistently less accurate than even relatively simple statistical algorithms.

This was true of liberals and conservatives, and regardless of professional credentials.

However, Tetlock found one particular type of thinking that produced much better prediction.

The experts who considered multiple explanations and balance them(average) together before making a prediction functioned better than those who relied on a single perspective.

Tetlock called the first group foxes( Multiple perspectives) and,

the second group hedgehogs( single perspective)
November 4, 2018
Tweet: What is differential learning?
What is differential learning? https://t.co/jC0jiyOQa5 @TimBuszard
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) September 4, 2018
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Differential learning is a method of training that highlights the exploration of movement patterns. It takes advantage of variations in a complex system by increasing them through ‘no repetition’ and ‘constantly changing movement tasks’ which add stochastic perturbations.

By constantly and randomly changing the technique used to execute a skill, the performer will:
- Discover what works best for themselves, and
- Learn to perform the skill in a multitude of ways.
In a study by Wolfgang i. schöllhorn et al “The Nonlinear Nature of Learning: A Differential Learning Approach” they studied the parallel acquisition and learning of two movement techniques in the sport of football.

One traditionally trained group and two deferentially trained groups ( ie blocked and random) trained for four weeks, twice a week, on ball control and shooting at goal tasks.

Results confirmed previous work and showed significant advantages for both differential groups in the acquisition phase as well as in the learning phase, compared to the traditional group.

These findings suggest that, instead of following a linear path to the target movement technique by means of repetitions and corrections, a differential approach is more beneficial because it perturbs learners towards more functional movement patterns during practice.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYlVx7VtZ3E
Lets listen to Perception Action Podcast exploring this idea.
Click to read more about differential learning in dls-sports
September 4, 2018
Tweet: Expertise is not a single skill
“Expertise is not a single skill; it is a collection of skills, and the same professional may be highly expert in some of the tasks in her domain while remaining a novice in others.”

Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow#Skill #SkillAcquisition #Learning
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) September 3, 2018
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Expertise is not a single skill; it is a collection of skills, and the same professional may be highly expert in some of the tasks in her domain while remaining a novice in others.” Daniel Kahneman

Because expertise is not a single skill but a collection of multiple skills, its is suggested to deconstruct the big skill into its component forms. Eg, Divide a language learning into multiple bit sized sub-skills and tackle each of it separately.
While many research findings shows that such separation may lead to weak transfer of skills to performance conditions, It is still the most popular method of learning in many instances because of its ability to give fast results.
Following is a video in which Tim Ferriss, author of The 4-Hour Workweek talk about his skill deconstruction method of DiSSS, which contains the following process:
- D – Deconstruction (+ identify)
- S – Selection (+ simplify)
- S – Sequencing (+ optimize fundamental elements)
- S – Stakes (+ motivation/importance/consequence)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSq9uGs_z0E

In the following video Author Josh Kaufman reveals a new approach for acquiring new skills quickly with just a small amount of practice each day. He also advocates deconstruction as a powerful strategy.

Variable practice on the other hand, is becoming more prevalent in sport(motor) training in which transfer to real game conditions are more important than fast learning of skills. More and more studies are proving that variable practice is very powerful in motor perceptual and cognitive learning conditions.

Many scientific studies have revealed that unless practice includes a randomized element, it effects the transfer to the course. Here Alex Nicolson discusses variable practice(randomized) applied to Golf.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7520tQdrOc
September 3, 2018
Gerd Gigerenzer@ GoCognitive: Bounded rationality, Heuristics and Decisions.

Use the drop down navigation to see full playlist.

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[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoseries?list=PLgdDIYLHLU2wyv9c0rueKGZWBFh3p8-FE&w=560&h=315]

September 3, 2018
Tweet: Block practice vs Randomize practice.

Mastering skill Vs Transferring skills

The Key to Mastering ANY Skill (Science of Basketball Skill Development) https://t.co/qTwsV6iGsJ via @YouTube
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) August 5, 2018
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Block practice is basically the same thing over and over again.

Randomized practice includes switching it up and adding more variables.

Block practice is the best way to master skill. But randomize practice is the best way to get a skill to actually transfer over to a game.

Blocked practice alone is not going to transfer to a game. But if you move to randomize practice too early in the program you end up becoming really good at transferring skills that aren’t yet maximized.

August 5, 2018
Tweet: The conditions for having expertise

According to Daniel Kahnman The conditions for having expertise are really fairly specific.

Daniel Kahneman – The Ingredients for Expert Intuition – Insights for En… https://t.co/qM5lTErhwT via @YouTube
— Kiran Johny (@johnywrites) May 1, 2018
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1) You have to be in a world that is regular where there are rules to be picked up. Because if you’re in a chaotic world where there are no rules, then you are not going to develop expertise.

2)Then you must have an opportunity to learn the rules and that takes a long time.That takes many instances and you need feedback from reality about whether your guesses were correct or wrong.And, that feedback has to be rapid.
3)If the feedback is delayed, you’re not going to learn. Now, if you’re in a regular world and you have many opportunities to learn about that world with immediate feedback, you will eventually develop expert intuition.

Regular world+
Many opportunities to learn about that world +
Immediate feedback

Expert intuition.

May 1, 2018